BY MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL FAROUQ NOR FARIZA BINTI CHE OMAR NUR ZULAIKHA ZAWAWI NUR AZMINA MOH ZAILAN NUR AZLIN CHE MAT SUHAILA SOLAHUDIN ANATOMY OF THE URETER BY MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL FAROUQ ID: 917902
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URETER & URETHRA ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY
BY :MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL- FAROUQNOR FARIZA BINTI CHE OMARNUR ZULAIKHA ZAWAWINUR AZMINA MOH ZAILAN NUR AZLIN CHE MATSUHAILA SOLAHUDIN
Slide2ANATOMY OF THE URETERBY : MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL- FAROUQ D11B040
Slide3The ureter is a muscular tube, which passes caudally In the retroperitoneal along the dorsal body wall. Reaching the pelvic cavity, it turns medially to enter the broad uterine ligament in the female, and yto the mesoductus deferens in the male.Ureter ends by inserting into the dorsolateral surface of the urinary bladder within the lateral ligament of the bladder.
Slide4Urogenital system of cat Ventral aspect
URETER
Slide5ANATOMY OF URETHRA BY : NOR FARIZA BINTI CHE OMARD11B041
Slide6Slide7Female urethra Female urethra extends caudally on the pelvic floor ventral to the reproductive tract. It passes obliquely through the wall of the vagina and opens with the external urethral opening (ostium urethrae externum) ventrally at the junction between vagina and vestibule.
Slide8The length and diameter of the urethra varies considerably between the domestic mammals. Horse : short and wide and comparatively long in the dog were it opens on a small elevation flanked by two grooves.Cow and sow : urethralis muscle encloses the suburethral diverticulum which opens together with the urethra into the vagina.
Ureteral orifice Urethral m.External urethral orifices
Suburethral
diverticulum
Urethral crest
Slide9Male urethra Extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis. It is divisible into a:Pelvis part Preprostatic portionProstatic portion Penile part
Slide10Pelvic part Begins at the internal opening at the bladder neck. Preprostatic portion extends from the internal opening to the seminal hillock, an oval enlargement of the urethra crest which protrudes into the lumen of the urethra. Prostatic portionjoined by the deferent and vesicular ducts and passes through the prostate gland
Slide11Penile part Begins at the ischial arch and is described with the penis
Slide12Differentiate between male and female Female ShortWideElastic
MaleTortuousLong NarrowLess elastic
Slide13Slide14BY : NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI MAT ZAWAWID11A028HISTOLOGY OF URETER
Slide15Histology Of UreterMagnification25x
100xKey1. Lumen 2. Transitional epithelium3. Mucous glands in lamina propria 4. Muscularis
Slide16Microscopic structure of ureter
Slide17Slide18Histology of the Mucosa - inner layer of the ureter - consists of -epithelium - lamina propria. Epithelium -The ureter
is lined by transitional epithelium. - The epithelial layer is avascular. -does not contain lymphatics. Lamina Propria - composed of areolar connective tissue. - contains blood vessels and nerves.
Slide19Histology of the Muscularis -The middle layer, the muscular coat -consists of smooth muscle. -consist of - Circular muscular layer (smooth pink layer) - Longitudinal
muscular layer (bumpy purple layer). -The main function of the muscularis is peristalsis which propels the urine. Adventitia/Serosa -The outer layer, the fibrous coat, is a supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue. -Adipose tissue is present in the adventitia. -A portion of the ureter has serosa covering it.
Slide20URETER Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa 3 - tunica muscularis propria 4 - tunica adventitia 5 - transitional epithelium (urothelium) of the mucosa 6 - tunica propria of the mucosa URETERtransitional epithelium of the mucosa Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1 - transitional epithelium 2 - lamina propria of the mucosa
Slide21HISTOLOGY OF URETHRABY : NUR AZMINA BT MOHD ZAILAND11A025
Slide22Slide23HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE URETHRA-The urethra in females is short. It is only about 1.5 inches.-The lining epithelium of the female urethra is pseudostratified
columnar epithelium and stratified squomous epithelium.
Slide24HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE URETHRA
Slide25HISTOLOGY OF MALE URETHRA-The urethra in the male is longer than the urethra of females. -The male urethra is 7 to 8 inches. -The male urethra functions as a conduit for urine and semen.
-The male urethra can be divided into 3 sections : prostatic urethra,membranous urethra, and spongy urethra.
Slide26HISTOLOGY OF MALE URETHRA
Male urethra is lined by stratified columnar epithelium.
Slide27HISTOLOGY OF PROSTATIC URETHRA (MALE)Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1- transitional epithelium 2- tunica propria
of the mucosa of prostatic part of the urethra
Slide28HISTOLOGY OF MEMBRANOUS URETHRA( MALE)The second part of the male urethra.This is a short segment.The lining epithelium of the membranous urethra is pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Slide29HISTOLOGY OF SPONGY URETHRAThe third part of the urethra.Spongy urethra is also called the penile urethra.The longest section of the male urethra.The lining epithelium of the spongy urethra is pseudostratified columnr epithelium which then transitions to stratified
squamous epithelium distally.
Slide30PHYSIOLOGY OF URETERBY : NURAZLIN BINTI CHE MATD11A029
Slide31Flow Of Urine In UreterMyogenic = Controlled by the longitudinal and circular muscle of ureter wallPeristaltic movement = waves of active muscular contraction, that move at near-constant speed along the ureter towards the bladder . This causes urine to flow from the ureter lumen to the urinary bladderUnaffected by drugs that block the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system .muscular wall constricts & becomes thinner during luminal enlargement ( urine present )
Slide32Very low volume of urine at certain part of ureter or no urine at all
High volume of urine at certain part of ureterVolume of urine at certain part of ureter increases
Slide33Diagram showing the different stages of ureter opening during urine flow in it
Slide341a, 2a, 3a, 4a
Pictures of cross section of ureter showing stages of ureter opening upon urine flow in it( light micrograph)1b,2b,3b,4bPhotograph of cross section of ureter showing various stages of ureter opening upon urine flow in it
Slide35No urine present at certain part of ureter=At the end of a peristaltic movement or at rest between movements = The lumen is collapsed with its epithelial surfaces in contact with each other . The
lumen has a stellate form
Slide36There are junctional complexes, comprising a zonula occludens, zonula adherens , and macula adhaerens or desmosome, between the lateral borders of the squamous cells . It is suggested that
this complex is t h e major obstacle to the free flow of water from the extracellular spaces into the hypertonic urine ( in lumen of ureter )
Slide37Slide38PHYSIOLOGY URETHRA BY : SUHAILA BINTI SOLAHUDIN D11A035
Slide39Function of urethra both in male and female :Transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the bodySpecial function in male :Carries semen from the ejaculatory duct outwards through the penis.
Slide40How the urine flow out of the body?When the sphincter muscle is relaxed. Urethral sphincter muscle is at the base of the bladderIt controls the release of urine from the
bladder into the urethraThen flows out of the meatus (opening at the end of the urethra) when urinating.
Slide41THANK YOU (^^,)
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