PPT-The knowledge argument Michael Lacewing

enquiriesalevelphilosophycouk Michael Lacewing Substance and properties A substance is an entity a thing that does not depend on another entity for its continued existence It has ontological independence. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. Omniscience. Omni-: ‘all’; . scient. : ‘knowing’. Is it possible to know . everything. ?. God is the most perfect . possible . being. So omniscience is ‘. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing. Descartes on clear and distinct ideas. Clear and distinct ideas can be known to be true. Clear: Present, accessible to the attentive mind. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. Life. Isn’t life amazing?. Organs serve a purpose – heart – pump blood, eye – seeing. We understand parts of an organ in relation to serving this purpose. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. The question. Why does anything exist?. Unless God exists, this question is unanswerable.. (c) Michael Lacewing. Necessary and contingent existence. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing. Utilitarianism. A. ct . utilitarianism:. . an action is right if it . maximises. happiness, and wrong if it does not. . I. f . telling a lie creates more happiness than telling the truth (or keeping silent), then telling a lie is morally right. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. Cognitivism v. non-cognitivism. What are we doing when we. make moral judgments?. Cognitivism: moral judgments, e.g. ‘Murder is wrong’. Aim to describe how the world is. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. The question. Why does anything exist?. Unless God exists, this question is unanswerable.. (c) Michael Lacewing. The . Kalām . Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing . ‘Innatism’ about knowledge. The claim that there is some innate knowledge. The debate is about propositional knowledge not ability knowledge. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing. The problem. How can we know that other minds exist?. We experience . our own . minds directly, but it seems that we can only know of other people’s behaviour. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing. Descartes’ question. Cosmological arguments usually ask ‘why does anything exist’?. Descartes doubts the existence of everything, and offers his cosmological argument after showing only that he exists.. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. © Michael Lacewing. Substance and properties. A substance is an entity, a thing, that does not depend on another entity for its continued existence. . It has ‘ontological independence’. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. N. on. -. cognitivism and anti-realism. What are we doing when we. make moral judgments?. Non. -cognitivism: moral judgments. Do not aim to describe the world. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. Descartes’ question. Cosmological arguments usually ask ‘why does anything exist’?. Descartes doubts the existence of everything, and offers his cosmological argument after showing only that he exists. Michael Lacewing. enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk. (c) Michael Lacewing. Life. Isn’t life amazing?. Organs serve a purpose – heart – pump blood, eye – seeing. We understand parts of an organ in relation to serving this purpose.