PDF-(BOOK)-Challenge to Apollo:: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974

As astonishing as it may seem the story of the Soviet space program the worlds first has never been told in full That is not to say that much has not been written on the topic Western researchers during the 1970s and 1980s were able to interpret official exhortations in the Soviet press and discern some logic of the inner workings of the Soviet space program All of these works had one major drawback they were written at a time when the Soviets maintained very strict control over information especially any which portrayed the space effort in a negative light Many factsthat is the raw skeleton of the storywere missing All we had were accounts from the official Soviet media and rumor or speculation from unconfirmed sourcesor a combination of both Thus the range of issues that Western or even Soviet historians could address was severely limitedWithin Russianlanguage works there are two relatively clear divisions in the historical record those published before 1988 when the Soviet censorship apparatus consistently prevented an impartial representation of their efforts to explore space and those published after when the doors of the archives finally started opening up The rupture was so great it was as if everything written about the Soviet space programand indeed almost every area of Soviet historysuddenly became obsolete by the turn of the 1990s Entire programs personalities and even space missions of which we never knew all of a sudden came into focus filling huge gaps in our understanding of the Soviet space effort during the Cold War The recent disclosures have relevance far beyond the limited purview of Soviet space history In the 1950s and 1960s US space policy to a large degree was a series of responses to what the Soviets were doing or at least what policymakers thought the Soviets were doing But despite its key role in shaping American space policy there continues to be an abundance of ignorance or misinformation on the Soviet program What may be possible now is to take a second look not only at the Soviet space program but also the US space program that is to reconsider again humanitys first attempts to take leave of this planetMy goal was not to write a history simply because it had never been written before Certainly recording the facts is an important exercise but that would limit the job to a simple chronology There are several major questions of interpretation that still have to be answered I have only tackled a few of theseThe first major question has to do with discerning the institutional underpinnings of the Soviet space program Given the new evidence can we identify the primary constituencies that drove the effort What kind of patterns of decisionmaking did they display What interests were they serving The record seems to indicate the importance of both individuals and institutions all of whom emerged to power not because of the space program but because of its antecedent ballistic missile development effortFinally why did the Soviets manage to beat the Americans in launching the first intercontinental ballistic missile the first satellite and the first human into space but fail to beat the United States in landing the first person on the Moon Was it simply because the last goal was significantly more challenging than the previous three Or was it because as was conventionally thought for many years in the West that the Soviets simply did not want to race the Americans to the Moon The answers to these questions are not simple personal institutional political and technological issues intersected in the complex schema of the Soviet Moon program leading it to its final ignominious failure in 1969. Student: Cristina- Daniela FERARU. Coordinator: . prof. .. Arkadiusz K. OTLINSK. I. Polkowice. , Poland . 2013. Introduction. . On Christmas Day 1991, the Soviet flag flew over the Kremlin in Moscow for the last time. A few days earlier, representatives from 11 Soviet republics (Ukraine, the Russian Federation, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) met in the Kazakh city of Alma-Ata and announced that they would no longer be part of the Soviet Union. Soviets . tes. t . atomic . bomb in 1949. Sets off an arms race. Technological advancement and competition. Soviet Union Test “Joe 1”. Launched . on October 4, 1957 by the Soviet Union. First artificial satellite. Background info…. Afghan Communist Party founded in 1965.. Communist Party took control in a Soviet backed military coup in 1978.. Party never had much support, especially in the rural areas.. In a short time, Afghan Rebels had control of 22 of 28 Afghan provinces.. Economic and Political Reasons for . Detente- Mid 1960s-Mid 1970s. What do you think detente means?. ?. ?. ?. Definition. Detente: A . F. rench word for slacken, relax or reduce pressure. Why did detente occur?. An Allied Victory . Presented by. SB . (A) . ET . (A) . SB . (A) . KY . (A) . Thesis. The . deteriorating state of the German army. coupled with the . enclosing multi-front war. Geoffrey . Halgas. Period 4. Seminar Question:. Considering the period 1953 to 1991, analyze the problems within the Soviet Union that contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet system.. Background Information. . Union . / . End. . of. . the. . Cold. . War . / . Fall. . of. . Communism. 4 FIGURES. 4 DETAILS. 4 EFFECTS. a. b. c. d. 4 CAUSES. 4 CAUSES. 4 FIGURES. 4 DETAILS. 4 EFFECTS. The Cold War Ends. Achievement. Preamble. As you have hopefully gathered from being alive for 16-18 years, . in the 1950s and 60s, the United States and Soviet Union were locked in a testosterone-fueled competition. to prove which country was . Unit 5 Grade 6 Social Studies . Ms. Earnst. Info Source:. http://www.ducksters.com/history/cold_war/collapse_soviet_union.php. Collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union started in . Revision for HSC 2014. The 1945 Conferences. Yalta Conference. In February 1945 Winston Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference. At this conference it was decided that Germany would be divided into four allied sectors after the war; that the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan; free elections would be held throughout Eastern Europe and the Lublin Committee, provisional Polish government, would no longer consist of just Communists. However, the Soviet Union did not adhere to these terms and instead; Stalin began to install communist governments in other Eastern European countries. . SPONGE:. Please put ALL notes/books away!!!! There is ABSOLUTELY NO TALKING!!!!. Find Someone Who Has…... Matching Review . Please put ALL notes/books away!!!! There is ABSOLUTELY NO TALKING!!!!. Some students will be given words or dates (BLUE PAPER).. EQ: What events led to the end of the Cold War and how did it impact the countries involved?. July, 1975: Apollo-. Suyez. Test Project. This was a joint venture between the USA and USSR.. The Apollo (American) and Soviet (Soviet) space vehicles merged in space for 5 days and the crewmen of both ships worked together. Learning objective . – to be able to explain the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991.. I can . describe. the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.. . Grade D. I can . e. xplain . the . collapse. . of . What historical skills should I already have developed?. To draw conclusions about the past. . To sequence historical events chronologically. To. u. se a range of sources to answer questions about the past. .