CHAPTER Too Much of a Good Thing Elephant populations in southern Africa declined sharply due to hunting but have made overwhelming comebacks within nature reserves and parks Some worry that elephant overpopulation is causing a decline in local biodiversity and damage to farms and infrastructu ID: 696927
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Slide1
6
Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems
CHAPTERSlide2
Too Much of a Good Thing?
Elephant populations in southern Africa declined sharply due to hunting but have made overwhelming comebacks within nature reserves and parks.
Some worry that elephant overpopulation is causing a decline in local biodiversity and damage to farms and infrastructure.
Many efforts to control elephant populations are being considered and put into practice.
Talk About It
Which elephant population control effort— moving them, sterilizing them, or culling them—do you think has the best chance for long-term, positive effects?
Slide3
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes
Fossil evidence suggests that the frozen continent of Antarctica was once covered in temperate forest.Slide4
What is a Biome?
Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic
conditionsBiomes are primarily defined by their _______________ & typical ____________ & _____________ life.
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
Climate
plant
AnimalSlide5
Climate
Climate – describes the ______________ conditions, including _________________ & __________________ over long periods in a given area.
Weather - _____________ conditions in Earth’s atmosphere Ex. Sunny & Humid
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
Average
temperature
precipitation
Day-to-daySlide6
Climate
Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation).
Temperature is usually in _____________F = 1.8C + 32
Precipitation is usually in cm or mm.
1 inch = 2.54cm1 inch = 25.4 mm
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
CelsiusSlide7
Climate
Each
biome has a set of characteristic
_________________
adapted to its particular climate conditions.
However, within any biome there is a variety of plants and animals due to variation in ______________, ______________ & ___________________
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
organisms
Soil type
elevation
Wind exposureSlide8
Earth’s Major Biomes
Lesson 6.
1 Defining BiomesSlide9
Earth’s Major Biomes
Patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar _______________
10 primary biomes:tropical rain forest dry forest savanna
desert chaparraltemperate rain forest
temperate foresttemperate grasslandchaparralboreal forest (taiga)
tundra
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
latitudesSlide10
Biomes and Net Primary Production
___________ primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo
photosynthesis and produce usable energy______ primary production: The amount of
organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
gross
netSlide11
Biomes and Net Primary Production
Ecosystems vary in their net primary
productivity._______ _______ biomes generally have ____________net primary productivity than
________ _______ biomes.
This should make sense because plants require _______________, ____________ & warm enough temperatures to grow.
Lesson 6.
1 Defining Biomes
Warm, wet
higher
Cold, dry
sunlight
waterSlide12
Biomes and Net Primary Production
Lesson 6.
1 Defining BiomesSlide13
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Tundra, found at very high latitudes, is nearly as dry as a desert.Slide14
Tropical Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Year-round
_________
temperatures and at least
_____________ precipitation
a
year
Near the equator, so the days are almost always ____________ in length.
Soil is
generally
____________________
Warm
2m (6.6 feet)
12 hours
Nutrient poorSlide15
Tropical Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
The tallest trees pop through the canopy and make up the ___________________
Tall trees form a dense layer called the ______________ which keeps the forest warm and damp.
Short trees and plants make up the _________________ and must compete for light.
_________________leaves are a common adaptation to increase sunlight intake.
Emergent layer
canopy
understory
Large, flatSlide16
Tropical Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
_______________ - plants that grow on other plants instead of the soil. Ex. Orchids
Tall trees use ________________ (large above ground roots) for support
Because there is not much _______ to assist with pollination, plants have adapted bright, colorful flowers to attract pollinators.
Epiphytes
Buttresses
windSlide17
Tropical Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Supports ________
animal species than any other biome; animals tend to be highly
________________.
more
specializedSlide18
Tropical Dry Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Warm year-round, but
rainfall is
highly
seasonal with a ________ & ________ season.
rainy
drySlide19
Tropical Dry Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Most
trees are
_______________ - they
lose their leaves and cease photosynthesis part of the
year. This helps reduce _________________.
Plants and animals exhibit adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf coating, deep roots, estivation, migration) that enable them to survive the dry season
.
________________ - animals enter a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy.
deciduous
Water loss
estivationSlide20
Tropical Dry Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
estivationSlide21
Savanna
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Receives
_______
precipitation than tropical dry forests, but more than deserts; usually has a distinct
________ season
Less
rainySlide22
Savanna
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
______________
interspersed with groups of trees
Tree growth limited by frequent
__________
and strong
_________
Grasses
fires
windsSlide23
Savanna
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Plants
are adapted to dry conditions; tend to be
________________
with deep roots, thick bark, and
__________
coatings on leaves.
Elephants drink 30-50 gallons of water a day and so they must dig for water with their tusks.
Many
animals
_____________
to find water, or burrow when water is scarce.
deciduous
waxy
migrateSlide24
Desert
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.) of precipitation per
year (____________ biome)
Temperatures vary widely from _______ to ___________.
driest
day
nightSlide25
Desert
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Plants
tend to have
__________,
leathery
leaves
Plants
store water in their
tissues (_________________) Ex. Aloe
Some
have
shallow, spread out roots to gather water.
Some have deep tap roots (up to _____
ft
)
Tough ____________ (modified leaves) discourage predators from eating them
.
thick
succulents
164
Did You Know?
Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the plant from thirsty animals. Photosynthesis occurs within the green stems and trunks.
spinesSlide26
Desert
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Animals get most of their water from the _________ they eat, and they tend to be _______________ (active at night).
Some have concentrated ________.
Mammals have exaggerated ___________________ to help regulate body temperature.
food
nocturnal
urine
appendagesSlide27
Temperate Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Year-round _____________
temperatures and heavy
____________.
Largest extent found in
____________________________
moderate
rainfall
Pacific northwest of the usSlide28
Temperate Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Characterized
by tall
_________________
trees, such as cedars and hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers (produce seed-bearing cones
)
Forest floor is shaded, damp, covered in
________.
Olympic Peninsula, Hoh River rain forest
evergreen
mossSlide29
Temperate Rain Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Animals that require ______________, such as amphibians, thrive here.
Squirrels,
deer, elk and
birds
have a
__________
diet which enables them to eat whatever food is available.
moisture
variedSlide30
Temperate (Deciduous) Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Precipitation
______________________throughout
the year
Varied temperatures
(________
summers,
_______
winters
)
Evenly spread
hot
coldSlide31
Temperate Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Plants
tend to be broad-leafed and
_______________.
Soil is enriched with
______________
from annual leaf drop
.
deciduous
nutrientsSlide32
Temperate Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Animals
may
_____________
or ______________
Others ________________
to survive cold conditions
.
__________________ helps animals that are exposed during the winter due to lack of foliage survive.
migrate
hibernate
Store food
CamouflageSlide33
Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
Lesson 2.2 Biomes
Moderate seasonal
___________________
and fairly extreme seasonal
____________________;
droughts and fires
common
Rich, fertile soil
precipitation
temperaturesSlide34
Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
Lesson 2.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Not
enough precipitation to support large
____________
______________,
which grow from their base, thrive despite droughts, fires, animals
grazing.
Seeds are dispersed by the ____________________
Soil tends to be rich in nutrients; most of world’s grasslands have been converted to ______________.
trees
grasses
Strong winds
farmlandSlide35
Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
Lesson 2.2 Biomes
Animals
are adapted to deal with lack of
_________.
Some survive by _________________.
Others survive by being _________.
cover
burrowing
hugeSlide36
Chaparral (Mediterranean)
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Highly seasonal conditions with
_______________
winters and
_______________ summers
Prolonged hot, dry periods;
________________________ common
Soil is thin and not rich in nutrients
Mild, wet
Warm, dry
Droughts and firesSlide37
Chaparral
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Plants are drought-resistant; many have thick, waxy
__________
or leaves with
__________
that trap moisture;
_________________
are common.
Plants may have thick
__________
and
deep __________
to resist
fire.
S
ome
plants
require __________
to germinate
.
Some chaparral plants contain ________ compounds that facilitate the spread of fire.
leaves
hairs
succulents
Bark
roots
Fire
oilySlide38
Chaparral
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Many
animals
_____________.
Many are
nocturnal
to
avoid heat
.
Many have ________________ appendages.
burrow
oversizedSlide39
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
_________________
winters;
_________________
summers
Nutrient-poor, slightly
acidic soils
Long, cold
Short, coolSlide40
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
_________
species diversity
Coniferous trees with
__________
needles and
_____________ shape
, adapted to harsh, snowy conditions are common
.
low
waxy
conicalSlide41
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Animals
feed, breed, and care for young mostly during short
_________ season
Y
ear-round
residents tend to have thick insulation and small extremities that maintain heat
.
Some animals change color. They grow _______________ for the snowy season.
warm
White coatsSlide42
Tundra
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Extremely
________________
winters; relatively sunny and cool summers
Found at very
__________
latitudes in the Northern
Hemisphere
Cold, dark
highSlide43
Tundra
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Harsh _________,
nutrient-poor soil, and freezing temperatures limit plant growth; no tall trees; mosses and lichens common
Characterized by
__________________
(underground soil that is frozen
___________________)
winds
permafrost
Year-roundSlide44
Tundra
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
ADAPTATIONS
Low, scrubby vegetation and ground-hugging ______________ & _____________ live here.
Birds and ______________ migrate to the tundra during the mild summer to feed on insects and lichens
Only a few species live here year-round (including musk oxen and polar bears).
Mosses
lichens
caribouSlide45
Polar
Ice
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Not classified
as a biome
No land under polar ice in Northern Hemisphere; ice sits atop Antarctica in Southern Hemisphere
Very few plants; most life
is
in surrounding
ocean
Nototheniod
– antifreeze proteinsSlide46
Mountains
Lesson 6.2 Biomes
Not classified as a biome
Mountain
communities
change with
_______________,
similar to how biome communities change
with latitude.
elevationSlide47
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.Slide48
Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Normally, biomes are used to describe ___________________ environments but 75% of Earth is covered in water.
Aquatic Ecosystems are described by their ______________, _____________ and movement of water.
Terrestrial
salinity
depthSlide49
Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Salinity:
the amount of dissolved
______
present in water.
Measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
S
alt water
= _________ppt
F
resh water
= 0.5ppt or less
B
rackish = Between __________ppt
salt
30-50
0.5
to
30Slide50
Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Photosynthesis
tends to be limited by
_________
availability, which is a function of depth and water clarity
.
lightSlide51
Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Aquatic
ecosystem zones:
photic, aphotic,
benthic
Photic zone: Where there is enough light for ______________________.
Aphotic zone: Photosynthesis cannot occur because there is not enough sunlight
Benthic zone: Very ____________ of the body of water
photosynthesis
BottomSlide52
Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
The photic zone has much more dissolved ____________, so more life is found here (both producers and consumers).
Sunlight also causes water to be _____________
______________ layers of aquatic ecosystems tend to be warmer than _____________ layers
oxygen
warmer
upper
deeperSlide53
Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Salinity is less than 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand
)
Includes _______________________________________
Ponds
and lakes are
similar
, except in
______
I
nland seas are huge and
contain
organisms adapted
for
_________
water
. Ex. Great Lakes and The Caspian Sea
size
open
Ponds, lake and inland seasSlide54
Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Ponds
and lakes are
divided
horizontally
into 2
zones: littoral
and limnetic.
Littoral Zone – water is ______________ enough for plants to grow from the mud to above the water’s surface
Includes many invertebrates like ____________________
Limnetic Zone – ____________from shore where there are no rooted plants
shallow
farther
Snails & CrayfishSlide55
Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic EcosystemsSlide56
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Wetland - Area
of land
_______________
with water at least
_________________________
Includes
freshwater
________________________________________________
Water can either ______________________ through wetlands or into other bodies of water or, it can remain _____________
flooded
Part of the year
Marshes, swamps, bogs & fens
Flow Slowly
year-roundSlide57
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Marsh – shallow-water wetland characterized by ________________ plants. Ex. Cattails and Bulrushes
grasslikeSlide58
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Swamp – shallow water wetland characterized by woody ______________________ instead of grasses.
Ex. Cypress Trees
_____________ cause the formation of swamps by building __________ across streams and causing flooding upstream.
Shrubs & Trees
beavers
damsSlide59
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Bog – wetland characterized by low nutrients, acidic water and thick floating mats of vegetation (usually ________)
Fen – connected to a source of ___________________, less acidic and more nutrient rich
Moss
groundwaterSlide60
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Benefits of Wetlands
They help prevent ______________ by absorbing excess water
Recharge ________________
Filter _________________ & __________________
Provide habitats for many _________________
flooding
aquifers
Pollutants
sediments
AnimalsSlide61
Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Bodies of surface water that flow
_______________,
eventually reaching an ocean or
a landlocked body of water
_____________ - a small river flowing into a larger one
_________________:
The area of land drained by a river and its
tributaries
downhill
Tributary
WatershedSlide62
Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Rivers shape the ________________ through which they run.
The ___________ or beginning of ________ rivers is high in the mountains where melting snow collects due to ____________
Characteristics of the source
_____________
_________________________
_________________________
_____________________________________
landscape
source
Gravity
cold
Full of oxygen
Few organisms
Cuts a deep, straight path
mostSlide63
Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Characteristics of a river as it leaves its source.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Warmer
slower
More organisms
Less oxygen
meanders
Can create an
oxbow lakeSlide64
Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
_________________– area near a river’s course that is periodically flooded
__________ – where the river empties
Flood plain
mouthSlide65
Estuaries
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Occur where a river flows into the
_________
or
a freshwater body of water
Coastal estuaries are
_______________
ecosystems; organisms must tolerate wide salinity and temperature ranges
.
Some estuaries (like the _______________________) contain only __________________.
ocean
brackish
The great lakes
freshwaterSlide66
Estuaries
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Two types of estuary ecosystems:
____________________ – along coasts at temperate latitudes
Characterized by salt-tolerant grasses
________________________– along coasts at subtropical and tropical latitudes
Include mangrove trees
Salt marshes
Mangrove forestSlide67
Estuaries
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Benefits of Estuaries:
Prevent __________________ & __________________
Protective barrier between ________ & __________
Home to many ______________, some which are commercially beneficial
Destruction of Estuaries:
Many are being destroyed for housing and commerce
Flooding from Katrina was significantly worse where the salt marshes had been destroyed
Soil erosion
flooding
land
sea
animalsSlide68
Oceans
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
All of the Earth’s major oceans combined occupy _______ of the Earth’s surface.
If we evaporated all of the water from the oceans, there would be a layer of salt approximately ___________ deep left.
71%
200 feetSlide69
Oceans
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Currents are driven by
___________________________
and
____________________________,
wind, and gravity
.
Water density increases as temperature _______________ and salinity (salt content) _________________.
Heavier (________________________) water sinks
Lighter (_________________________________) water remains near the surface.
Water temperature
Density differences
decreases
Increases
Colder & saltier
Warmer & less saltySlide70
Oceans
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic EcosystemsSlide71
Oceans
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Surface winds and heating generate _______________ currents that transport nutrients and oxygen.
__________________ - the flow of cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. It occurs when horizontal currents _______________ (flow apart).
____________________ - the flow of warm water, full of dissolved gases away from the surface, into the deep ocean. It occurs when horizontal ocean currents ________________ (flow together).
vertical
Upwelling
diverge
downwelling
convergeSlide72
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic EcosystemsSlide73
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
______________:
Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and
salinity.
intertidalSlide74
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
___________:
Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the ____________________________.
Two productive ecosystems exist here:
________________ - large brown algae grows from the continental shelf.
________________ - Exists in subtropical and tropical waters. A mass of ____________________________ composed of ______________ of marine coral.
Neritic
Continental shelf
Kelp forest
Coral reef
Calcium carbonate
skeletonsSlide75
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Open ocean:
Begins at the edge of the ___________________ shelf
Makes up _______ of the Earth’s oceans
Low
productivity due to low
___________________________
______________________ are at base
of food
chain
Includes jelly fish, whales, sea turtles, squids, large fish
& sharks.
continental
90%
Light penetration
phytoplanktonSlide76
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
In the aphotic open-ocean, animals have many adaptations to help them survive.
Ex. ______________________________
Ex. ________________________ - sometimes a symbiotic relationship with bacteria
Scavenge carcasses
BioluminescenceSlide77
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic EcosystemsSlide78
Ocean Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
Benthic Ecosystems around _______________________ vents (hot water flows out from the sea floor) are home to come strange organisms.
Bacteria use chemicals to make energy (AKA ________________________)
Other organisms like ___________________ are in a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria and survive using the energy they make.
chemosynthesis
tubeworms
hydrothermal