J Gershuny Bath 5 July 2016 Measuring time use Beeper sampling ESMEMA studies What were you doing when the beeper went Questionnaire stylized items How much time did you spend last week ID: 586613
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Slide1
Introduction to time use diaries and the Multinational Time Use Study
J Gershuny, Bath, 5 July 2016Slide2
Measuring time use
‘
Beeper
’
sampling (ESM/EMA) studies:
What were you doing when the beeper went?
Questionnaire
‘stylized’ items
:
“How much time did you spend … last week
?”
“How often do you….? How often …last month?”
respondents
don’t
know….and
will
exaggerate!
Diaries
:
What were you doing at 4am? Doing anything at the same time? Who were you with? What did you do next? What time did that start? …..Slide3
UK HETUS 2014/5 diarySlide4
Brief history of time diary research
History
Russian
peasant studies c. 1900
M.
Pember
-Reeves, UK, Fabian Soc.,1911
I.
Strumilin
, Russia, NEP 1921
H. Kneeland, USA, USDA 1925
A.
Szalai
, UNESCO 1965
Harmonised European Time Use Study (
HETUS) 1999-2015
American
Time Use Study (ATUS) 2003
—
Key variations
Observation windows (< day, 1 day, 2-day, 7-day)
Own words vs pre-coded, yesterday vs tomorrowSlide5
Growing numbers of
National
Surveys of Time UseSlide6
Major time diary surveys in MTUS
(parentheses=studies under negotiation or preparation)
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Australia
1974
1987
1993, 1997
2006
Canada
1971-2
1981, 1986
1992, 1998
China
2000
Denmark
1964
1987
2001
(2011)
Finland
1979
1987-8
1999-2000
(2011)
France
1966
1974-5
1988
1999
2009
2010
Germany
1965-6
1990
2001-2
(2012)
Hungary
1965
1976-7
Italy
1979
1989
2002-3
(
2010-11
)
Netherlands
1975
1980, 1985
1990, 1995
2005
(2011)
Norway
1971-2
1981-2
1990-1
2000-1
(
2010-11
)
Slovenia
1965
2001-2
South Africa
2000
South Korea
1997
2003,2008
(2014)
Spain
1992, 1997
2002-3
2010
Sweden
1990-1
2000-1
(
2010-11
)
United Kingdom
1961
1974-5
1983, 1987
1995
2001, 2005
2014-15
United States
1965-6
1975-6
1985
1992-4, 1998
2003-9
2010-14Slide7
Uses of time diary data.
Studying division of domestic labour
Extending
GNP to include unpaid work
Measuring well-being (enjoying activities)
Exercise
(+individual
interview
Q’nnaires
)
Estimating cultural participation, TV, IT use
Sleep
timing, durations
and interruptions
Co-presence, multitasking, sequencing
Calibrating/comparing with NTS, LFS etc.Slide8
Counting multiple activities
Often raised as a serious methodological issue…..
…in fact
unproblematical
:
Build up
complex
time use categories
from
combinations
of diary fields
a
lways keeping
1440 minutes
per
day
For example, IT use…..Slide9
UK HETUS 2014/5 diarySlide10
Step 1: Primary Activities, UK 2014-15
(minutes per day)
sleep & personal
paid work
unpaid work
out of home leisure
physical exercise
home leisure
media
travel
phone
calls
total
Missing
diary entries
3
total
669
188
182
70
20
47
163
83
16
1440Slide11
Step 2: primary activities
combined with
computer and device use.
sleep & personal
paid work
unpaid work
out of home leisure
physical exercise
home leisure
media
travel
phone
calls
total
no
IT
use
650
131
169
63
19
15
138
74
6
1266
primary
computer use
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.1
0.0
20.9
0.0
0.0
0.4
23
secondary
computer use
3.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.1
0.8
6.0
0.8
0.8
15
device use
n.e.c
.
15.6
55
10.3
6.2
1.3
9.9
19.5
7.6
8.1
134
Missing
diary entries
3
total
669
188
182
70
20
47
163
83
16
1440Slide12
Step 3: inferences from device use
combined
with
other simultaneous activities
sleep & personal
paid work
unpaid work
out of home leisure
physical exercise
home leisure
media
travel
phone
calls
total
no
IT
use
650
131
169
63
19
15
138
74
6
1266
primary
computer use
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.1
0.0
20.9
0.0
0.0
0.4
23
secondary
computer use
3.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.1
0.8
6.0
0.8
0.8
15
device use:
…
…in
computer game
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
6.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
7
…for
shopping
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
…for
reading
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.2
0.0
3
…
watching
TV
, video
1.8
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
13.3
0.1
0.0
17
…for
telephone calls
0.1
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
7.9
10
…
interrupting
activity
1.8
8.4
1.5
1.1
0.2
0.7
2.8
1.2
0.2
18
…
unattributable
purpose
11
46
7
3
1
2
1
6
76
Missing
diary entries
3
total
669
188
182
70
20
47
163
83
16
1440Slide13
Media and IT use, UK 1985-2015
(
mins
per day)Slide14
A major application:
Gendered
D
ivision of Labour
3
rd
person criterion:
“work” = “any activity you
could
pay someone to do for you without losing the benefit from it”.
Categories of unpaid work:
Core housework: cooking, cleaning
Shopping, admin and domestic travel
Child and adult care, and communal work
Major historical shifts in total level & social distribution of all work, only seen in diariesSlide15
UK women’s
tempograms
:
55 years’ activity through the day
Childcare etc.Slide16
UK men’s
tempogramsSlide17
Domestic work and caring in 16 countries 1960s-2000s.
Men (a - d) and women (e - h) aged 20-59: minutes per daySlide18Slide19Slide20Slide21
To follow…
I
n this session…
Sequence modelling
New approaches to collecting &testing time data
Applications
to
economic accounting
,
wellbeing
In
the future of time use research…
New applications (health, environment)
New instruments (cameras, motion sensors, geolocation, physiological monitoring)