Chapter 20 20 1 Learning Objectives Explain the five phases of the systems development life cycle Discuss the people involved in systems development and the roles they play Explain the importance of systems development planning and describe planning techniques ID: 418586
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Introduction to Systems Development and Systems Analysis
Chapter 20
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Learning Objectives
Explain the five phases of the systems development life cycle.
Discuss the people involved in systems development and the roles they play.
Explain the importance of systems development planning and describe planning techniques.
Discuss the various types of feasibility analysis and calculate economic feasibility.Explain why system changes trigger behavioral reactions, what form this resistance to change takes, and how to avoid or minimize the resulting problems.Discuss the key issues and steps in systems analysis.
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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
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Who Is Involved in the SDLC?
Information Systems Steering CommitteeExecutive level, plans and oversees IS function; facilitates coordination with integration of systems activities
Project Development Team
Plan and monitor project progress
ProgrammersWrite and test programs according to analysts specificationsSystems AnalystsDetermine information needs, prepare specifications for programmersManagementGet users involved in the process, provide support for development projects, align projects to meet organizations strategic needsUsersCommunicate needs to system developers, help design and test to ensure complete and accurate processing of data20-4Slide5
Systems Development Planning
Proper planning provides for achieving goals and objectivesFor systems development, two plans needed:Master Plan
Long-range and authored by steering committee outlining prioritized projects and timetables
Project Development Plan
Specific to a project and authored by the project team identifies people, hardware, software, and financial resources needed20-5Slide6
Planning Techniques
Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)Diagram that depicts all project activities that require time and resources with completion estimates. Determines critical path.
Gantt chart
Bar chart that organizes activities on the left hand side and project time scheduled with a bar drawn to show the progress to date for that particular activity.
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Business Case (Feasibility Analysis)
Economic
Do benefits of new system justify the costs (time and resources) to implement?
Technical
Can we use existing technology?LegalDoes new system comply with regulations, laws, and contractual obligations?SchedulingCan the system be developed in the time allotted?OperationalDo we have the people to design and implement the system? Will people use the new system?
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Capital Budgeting
Payback periodCalculate the number of years required for the net savings to equal the initial cost of investmentNet Present Value (NPV)
Estimate future cash flows with discounted rate for (time value of money)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Calculates the interest rate that makes the present value of total costs equal to the present value of total earnings20-8Slide9
Why People Resist Change?
Fear Of failure, the unknown, losing statusLack of top-management support
If the top management is not supportive why should the employee change?
Bad prior experiences
Bad experience with prior IS changes Poor communicationEmployees need to understand why change is necessaryDisruptionAdditional requests for information and additional burdens of time is distracting and prompts negative feelingsManner change is introducedApproaches are different for top level and lower level employeesBiases and emotionsPersonal characteristics and backgroundAgeOpen to technology and comfortable with it20-9Slide10
How to Prevent Behavioral Problems
Management support
Provide resources and motivation
Satisfy user needs
Involve usersParticipation improves communication and commitmentReduce fears, emphasize opportunitiesAvoid emotionalismProvide trainingPerformance evaluationReevaluate to ensure performance standards are consistent with the new system
Keep open communications
Test the system prior to implementation
Keep system simple
Avoid radical changes
Control user’s expectations
Be realistic
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Phase 1: Systems Analysis
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Key Terms
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)Systems analysisConceptual designPhysical design
Implementation and conversion
Operations and maintenance
Information systems steering committeeSystems analystComputer programmerProject development planMaster planProgram evaluation and review technique (PERT)Critical pathGantt chartFeasibility studyEconomic feasibilityTechnical feasibilityLegal feasibilityScheduling feasibilityOperational feasibilityCapital budgeting modelPayback periodNet present value (NPV)20-12Slide13
Key Terms (continued)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)Behavioral aspects of changeAggression
Projection
Avoidance
Request for systems developmentInitial investigation20-13