The Hurt Locker Case Study of a SensationSeeker Physiological Perspective Measures Theories Eysenck Gray Extraversion Zukerman SenationSeeking Cloninger Neurotransmitters ID: 501285
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Slide1
Physiological PerspectiveSlide2
Physiological Perspective
Types of measures
Sampling of Research Topics
Eysenck, Gray:
Extraversion
Zukerman:
Senation-Seeking
Cloninger:
Neurotransmitters
Davidson:
Brain Asymmetry
Amodio:
Political BrainSlide3
Phineas Gage (1850s)
Dynamite accident
Changes in personalityFrontal lobe insights
Executive functions
Emotion regulation
Impulsivity, planningSlide4Slide5Slide6
Orbital-frontal CortexSlide7
Dorsolateral Prefrontal CortexSlide8
Anterior
Cingulate
CortexSlide9
3 Frontal Lobe Clinical Syndromes
Dorsolateral
(Cognition)Working memory, decision-making, reasoningOrbital-frontal (Emotion)
irritabilty, anger, low empathy
Anterior Cingulate
(Motiv)
apathy Slide10
ADD Symptom Clusters
Attention deficit
Concentration problems
Easily distracted
Sloppy, disorganized
Impulsivity
Get into fights
Stubborn, strong-willed
3) Emotion disregulationfeel guilty, feel angrySlide11
ADD relation to Big FiveSlide12
ADD relation to Big Five
F
M
ADHD
ControlsSlide13
Brain Volume and ADHD
Hoogman et al. (2017)
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
AccumbensSlide14
170 AD: Galen’s 4 Humors
Bodily fluids
personality (170 AD)(Hippocrates, 400BC)Phlegm
phlegmatic
calm
Blood
sanguine happy
Yellow Bile choleric excitableBlack Bile melancholy unhappySlide15
1809 Phrenology:
Francis Gall
Traits=bumpsBump=more brain tissuePseudoscienceBrain? Localization of of function—yes.
Cranial bumps?
Wrong.Slide16
Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory (1940s)
Body shape
personality
Mesomorph
Athletic
Dominant
Ectomorph Slight Introverted Endomorph Rotund JollySlide17
Physiological Measures
Polygraph
“Meet the Fockers” (2004)Slide18
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Derma= skin
Sweat conducts electricity (“GSR”)Sweating due to Sympathetic Arousal
Emotional arousal (pain, anxiety, fear, guilt…)
Elevated baseline EDA & personality:
NeuroticismSlide19
Ancient Arabia
lick hot iron…
if burn tongue, you are lying.Ancient China & India chew rice powder, spit out… if dry, you are lying.
Sympathetic arousal
inhibit digestion (e.g. saliva
)
activate metabolism respiration heart rate ventilation
Lying & Sympathetic ArousalSlide20
Cardiovascular activity
Blood pressure
—measure of stress reactivityHeart rate —increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, cognitive effortSlide21
Cardiovascular activity
Cardiac reactivity
greater than normal increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to a challengeAssociated with Type A personality: (impatient + competitive + angry/hostile)
Cardiac reactivity & Type A is associated with elevated risk of coronary heart diseaseSlide22
Brain Activity
Brain
spontaneous electrical activity Measure by electrodes on scalp (EEG)Evoked Potential
technique
Stimulus given, EEG measured
Evoked Auditory Potential (Auditory stimuli)
Evoked Visual Potentials (Visual Stimuli)
Waves patterns analyzed Augmenting vs ReducingSlide23
P300
a positive electrical potential that reliably occurs 300 milliseconds after a stimulus Slide24
P300
Discovered in 1964“Context updating” signature
Schizophrenia
-
weak
(abnormal amplitude)
Borderline Disorder - delayed (abnormal latency)Slide25
P300
impulsiveness
- longer latency creativity, openness, curiosity
“need for cognition”
(intellectual curiosity)
-
higher amplitude
P300a
novelty orienting P300b surprise orientingSlide26
Brain Imaging
Mapping brain structure and function
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (
fMRI
)
Deffusion Tensor Imaging
neural connectivity, mapping circuitsSlide27
Canli et al (2001),
fMRI
E: +pics
N:
-
picsSlide28
De Young et al. (2010)Slide29
Positron Emission TomographySlide30
Neuroscience of extraversion
Johnson et al. (1999)
PET
9 low (I), 9 high (E)
resting state only
RESULTS
Thalamus
I: ↑ Anterior, E: ↑ posterior Insula I: ↑ Anterior, E: ↑ posterior Broca’s Area I > E ( talking to yourself !!) Slide31
Neuroscience of spiritual feelings
Borg et al. (1999)Slide32
Neuroscience of spiritual feelings
Borg et al. (1999)
Measured “self-transcendence”Measured serotonin
receptor density
Conclusions
Weak
serotonin
binding
Weak gating of sensory stimuli [?]Slide33
Other Physiological Measures
Blood-born
metabolites Monoamine Oxidaze (MAO)
Immune system (e.g., saliva swabs)
e.g.
Master et al. (2009)
. . .
“Emotional Approach”Slide34
Emotional Approach Scale
Master et al. (2009)
After a profoundly upsetting event, I take time to figure out what I’m really feelingIn especially trying circumstances, I delve into my feelings to get a thorough understanding of themWhen dealing with unusual challenges,
I realize that my feelings are valid and important
When coping with a really stressful experience,
I acknowledge my emotionsSlide35
Masters et al. (2009)
Higher scores on the emotional approach scale significantly predicted…
Stronger immune response to laboratory stressor (physiological challenge)
Reduced
recovery time
after heart surgerySlide36
Other Physiological Measures
Cortisol
Kagan & Snidman (1991)Testosterone (
Ts
)
Dabbs
&
Dabbs (2000)
“crafty”, “sly”, “manipulative”Slide37
Hormones and Personality
Gender differences in personality
Agreeableness (d=.50)Neuroticism (d=.50)
Large gender differences in testosterone
Indivdual differences in testosterone within sex
aggressiveness ??Slide38
Testosterone and dominance
Masur et al, 1992
Post-victory surgeHigh Ts Jobs
:
Trial Lawyer
Actors
Athletes
High Ts traits
Boastful, arrogant, deviousSlide39
Testosterone and 2D:4D
Fetal testosterone levels influence length of third finger. Estrogen influences length of first finger.
Adult digit ratio is useful in research as a proxy for fetal Ts exposure levels Gender differences exist in 2D4D: lower ratio in men
. Slide40
Testosterone and 2D:4D
Meindl et al. (2012)2D4D is correlated with
adult facial masculinity.17 boys, aged 3-11.Facial dimensionsrecorded.Data used to construct computer model of 2D4D effects on facial shape. Slide41
Meindl et al. (2012) 2D:4DSlide42
Testosterone and 2D:4D
Most consistent personality correlates of Low 2D4D:
Sensation-Seeking
Impulsiveness
Aggression
Interpersonal dominance / boldness
Psychopathy
However, the associations are typically not very strong in magnitude and often fail to replicate. Slide43
Physiological Perspective
Measures
Theories
Eysenck, Gray:
Extraversion
Zukerman: Senation-Seeking
Oxley / Amodio: Political Brain
Cloninger: Neurotransmitters
Davidson: Brain AsymmetrySlide44
Physiological-Based
Dimensions of Personality
Extraversion-Introversion
Eysenck’s Theory:
Introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity in the brain’s ascending reticular activating system.
ARASSlide45
Ascending Reticular Activating System
1950s: ARAS controls amount of Cortical Arousal Slide46
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal Arousal for a TaskSlide47
Extraversion-Introversion
When given a choice, extraverts prefer
higher levels of stimulation than introvertsClassic study by Russ Geen (1984)Compared Extrav (E) and Introv (I)
Noise level preferences
Autonomic reactvity Slide48
Geen (1984)
Learning task
Distracting noise over headphonesHi E, Low E subjects
Noise level chosen by Self,
Intr
,
Extr
Measure stress reactions (physio
)Slide49
Extraversion-Introversion
Geen (1984)
Introverts and extraverts perform task… Best under their own chosen stimulation level
Poorest under level chosen by
opposite personality Slide50
Eysenck’s Theory of E
No baseline differences in arousal.
Revised theory: Extraversion-Introversion= Differences in arousal reactivity
, not average levels of arousalSlide51
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray, 1972; 1990)
Jeffrey Gray,
biopsychologist (rats)Alternative theory of Extr and NeurFocuses on two different brain
systems:
Beh Activation System
BAS
Beh Inhibition System BIS Slide52
Approach
AvoidanceSlide53
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment
Behavioral Activation System (BAS):
Sensitive to reward cues
Activate/Energize/Get
Personality?
impulsive
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Sensitive to threat cues
Inhibit/Stop/EvaluatePersonality? Anxious Slide54
Integration of Gray and Eysenck theories
Impulsive
=High extraversion, moderate neuroticismAnxious =Moderate introversion, high neuroticismSlide55
Gray’s Rotation of Eysenck
E
N
BAS
BISSlide56
But data supports a closer alignment to Eysenck
E
N
BAS
BISSlide57
Larsen, Chen, Zelenski (2003)
Learning task (fast colour naming)
Manipulate type of trial feedback:Punishment for wrong answerReward for correct answerMeasure BAS and BIS traits.
RESULT?
BIS people did better in punishment condition
BAS people did better in reward conditionSlide58
Size of bets placed after punishment vs reward
Pierce-McCall & Newman (1986)
IV= won versus lost.DV= Size of bet on
next
task.
Result
:
After gain: E = IAfter loss: E > ISlide59
Physiological Perspective
Measures
Theories
Eysenck, Gray: Extraversion
Zukerman:
Senation-Seeking
Oxley / Amodio: Political Brain
Cloninger: Neurotransmitters
Davidson: Brain AsymmetrySlide60
Sensation Seeking
Marvin Zuckerman 1970s-80s
Sensory deprivation studies: ExtraversionHebb’s Optimal Level of Arousal theorySSSK =Diff in optimal level of arousalZuckerman’s Sensation Seeking ScaleModerate positive correlation between extraversion and sensation seekingSlide61
Sensation-seeking
4 factors
(DEBT)Disinhibition Experience-SeekingB
oredom Susceptibility
T
hrill and Adventure SeekingSlide62
Sensation Seeking
Physiological basis for sensation seeking
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Enzyme that regulates neurotransmittersAfter neurotransmitter binds to receptor need to stop it somehow
MAO puts the brakes on (at the receptor)Slide63
Sensation Seeking
Physiological basis for sensation seeking
Too much MAO= strong braking Too little MAO= weak braking High SSK have low MAOStimulation seeking is due to
weak synaptic brakingSlide64
Cortical Evoked Potentials and Sensation-Seeking
Augmenting
is evident among high SSkersReducing is evident among low SSkersSlide65
MAO, Child Abuse, and Antisocial Tendencies
Interaction of
gene and childmaltreatmentexperiencesLow MAO +maltreatment=
high risk
to
become antisocial
Caspi et al (2002)Slide66Slide67
Physiological Perspective
Measures
Theories
Eysenck, Gray: Extraversion
Zukerman: Senation-Seeking
Oxley / Amodio:
Political Brain
Cloninger: Neurotransmitters
Davidson: Brain Asymmetry